ABSTRACT
Algae are a large group of photosynthetic organisms responsible for approximately half of the earth's total photosynthesis. In addition to their fundamental ecological roles as oxygen producers and as the food base for almost all aquatic life, algae are also a rich source of bioactive natural products, including several clinical drugs. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are a superfamily of biocatalysts that are extensively involved in natural product biosynthesis by mediating various types of reactions. In the post-genome era, a growing number of P450 genes have been discovered from algae, indicating their important roles in algal life-cycle. However, the functional studies of algal P450s remain limited. Benefitting from the recent technical advances in algae cultivation and genetic manipulation, the researches on P450s in algal natural product biosynthesis have been approaching to a new stage. Moreover, some photoautotrophic algae have been developed into "photo-bioreactors" for heterologous P450s to produce high-value added pharmaceuticals and chemicals in a carbon-neutral or carbon-negative manner. Here, we comprehensively review these advances of P450 studies in algae from 2000 to 2021.
ABSTRACT
Unnatural amino acids are widely used in medicine, pesticide, material, and other industries and the green and efficient synthesis has attracted a lot of attention. In recent years, with the rapid development of synthetic biology, microbial cell factories have become a promising means for biosynthesis of unnatural amino acids. This study reviewed the construction and application of microbial cell factories for unnatural amino acid, including the synthetic pathway reconstruction, design/modification of key enzymes and their coordinated regulation with precursors, blocking of competitive alternative pathways, and construction of cofactor circulation systems. Meanwhile, on the basis of the new principles for designing the microbial cell factories, new biosynthetic pathways adapted to cells and the production environment, as well as new biomanufacturing system established based on cell adaptive evolution and intelligent fermentation regulation, we looked forward to the further construction and application of microbial cell factories for industrial bio-production.
Subject(s)
Amino Acids/genetics , Biosynthetic Pathways , Fermentation , Metabolic Engineering , Synthetic BiologyABSTRACT
Aptamers are short stretches of Ribonucleic acid or Deoxyribonucleic acid having a specific 3D shape which form complexes with the target site with high affinity. Systemic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) is responsible for the high affinity and specificity of aptamers to bind the target molecules. Due to some unique features of Aptamers, it attracts the attention of many scientists to use them as a tool in the treatment & diagnosis of various diseases and syndromes. The results obtained from the various clinical data shows that Aptamers can be used in the treatment and diagnosis of various diseases including cancer and syndromes like AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome etc. Many viral infections like human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and Ebola virus are now treated or diagnosed with the help of aptamers. Along with viral infections, aptamers are also promising Chemical antibodies in the treatment of various kinds of cancer like breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, etc. Aptamers have several advantages over conventional antibodies in context to its size, thermal stability, immunogenicity, ease of modification, etc. Aptamers are smaller than conventional antibodies, this property allows aptamers to access in tissue and cell. Aptamers are synthetic agents and we scale up its production as per requirement and it eliminate the various regulatory requirements associated with bio- production. The various roles of aptamers in the treatment and diagnosis of many life- threatening diseases, syndromes and viral infections like cancer, AIDS, Ebola virus lead aptamers to serve as Future Pharmaceutical dosage form or prospective Future of Modern Medical Science.
ABSTRACT
Recently, endophytic fungi have attracted attention due to their ability to produce a variety of bioactive metabolites. Inthe course of our study on endophytic fungi associated with Albertisia papuana Becc, it has been found the endophyticfungus Xylaria sp. DAP KRI-5 produce cytochalasin D. Isolation of cytochalasin D was conducted by using anopen column chromatography method. The chemical structure of cytochalasin D was deduced from 1 dimension, 2dimension nuclear magnetic resonance, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight massspectrometry analyses and also compared with the published data. The bioproduction capacity of cytochalasin D bythe fungus Xylaria sp. DAP KRI-5 was 0.05763 g/l.
ABSTRACT
Recently, endophytic fungi have attracted attention due to their ability to produce a variety of bioactive metabolites. Inthe course of our study on endophytic fungi associated with Albertisia papuana Becc, it has been found the endophyticfungus Xylaria sp. DAP KRI-5 produce cytochalasin D. Isolation of cytochalasin D was conducted by using anopen column chromatography method. The chemical structure of cytochalasin D was deduced from 1 dimension, 2dimension nuclear magnetic resonance, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight massspectrometry analyses and also compared with the published data. The bioproduction capacity of cytochalasin D bythe fungus Xylaria sp. DAP KRI-5 was 0.05763 g/l.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la influencia del hidrolizado de proteínas (HP) como suplemento nutricional en el comportamiento bioproductivo en gallinas White Leghorn. Se utilizaron gallinas de reproductores ligeros con 39 semanas de edad, durante seis semanas. Se realizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con dos tratamientos de 320 gallinas cada uno (tres réplicas de 40 gallinas). El T1, recibió diariamente 2 mL de HP por ave y al T2, no se le ofertó el producto. Se controlaron las variables bioproductivas (producción total de huevos, porcentaje de postura, consumo total de pienso, conversión, viabilidad y la mortalidad por causas), los indicadores de la incubación (huevos a planta, los porcentajes de incubación, incubabilidad y pollitos de primera) y los de calidad (consumo de pienso por pollito de primera y pollitos de primera por gallina). Se observaron diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de postura y significativa para la conversión masal y en los huevos a planta, porcentaje de incubación y porcentaje de incubabilidad y con mejor comportamiento en los indicadores de calidad en las gallinas que recibieron HP. Se concluye que el empleo de HP mejora el porcentaje de postura y la conversión masal y los indicadores relativos a la incubación, porcentaje de huevos aptos a planta, porcentaje de incubación y de incubabilidad de gallinas de la línea ligera, adicionalmente, su uso reduce aproximadamente en 100 gramos el consumo de pienso necesario para obtener un pollito de primera.
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of protein hydrolysates (PH), as a nutritional supplement, in the bioproduction performance of White Leghorn hens. Thirty-nine-week old light line hens were assessed during six weeks. Two treatments (T) were designed involving 320 hens each (three replications of 40 hens each). In T1, each bird received 2 ml of PH daily; the birds in T2 were not offered the product. The following variables were controlled: bioproduction (total egg production, egg-laying percentage, total feed intake, mass conversion, viability, and caused mortality); incubation indicators (eggs to plant, incubation percentage, hatchability, and top quality chicks) and; quality (feed intake by top quality chicks, and top quality chicks per hen). The hens that received the PH showed significant differences in the laying, incubation, and hatchability percentage, as well as mass conversion, and the egg to plant ratio. They showed better performance in quality indicators. It is concluded that the use of PH in light line hens improves their bioproduction performance, as well as the indicators of to incubation, egg to plant ratio, and hatchability; its use also reduces by approximately 100 grams the necessary food intake to obtain top quality chicks.
ABSTRACT
The increasing demand for propionic acid (PA) production and its wide applications in several industries, especially the food industry (as a preservative and satiety inducer), have led to studies on the low-cost biosynthesis of this acid. This paper gives an overview of the biotechnological aspects of PA production and introduces Propionibacterium as the most popular organism for PA production. Moreover, all process variables influencing the production yield, different simple and complex carbon sources, the metabolic pathway of production, engineered mutants with increased productivity, and modified tolerance against high concentrations of acid have been described. Furthermore, possible methods of extraction and analysis of this organic acid, several applied bioreactors, and different culture systems and substrates are introduced. It can be concluded that maximum biomass and PA production may be achieved using metabolically engineered microorganisms and analyzing the most significant factors influencing yield. To date, the maximum reported yield for PA production is 0.973 g·g-1, obtained from Propionibacterium acidipropionici in a three-electrode amperometric culture system in medium containing 0.4 mM cobalt sepulchrate. In addition, the best promising substrate for PA bioproduction may be achieved using glycerol as a carbon source in an extractive continuous fermentation. Simultaneous production of PA and vitamin B12 is suggested, and finally, the limitations of and strategies for competitive microbial production with respect to chemical process from an economical point of view are proposed and presented. Finally, some future trends for bioproduction of PA are suggested.
Subject(s)
Propionates/metabolism , Propionibacterium/metabolism , Propionates/chemistry , Vitamin B 12/biosynthesis , Carbon/metabolism , Bioreactors , Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism , Fermentation , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Nitrogen/metabolismABSTRACT
Rare sugars were defined as monosaccharides and their derivatives that rarely exist in nature. They played an important role in food, health, medicine and etc A strategy for bioproduction of rare sugars, namely Izumoring, was described. By the Izumoring method, all monosaccharides and polyols could be linked, using enzymatic reaction with D-tagatose 3-epimerase, aldose isomerases and polyol dehydrogenases. Izumoring for hexoses, pentoses and tetroses were designed respectively. According to this strategy, the bioproduction routes of various rare sugars, using microbial and enzymatic reactions, could be obtained. In addition, the future research tendency of biotransformation of rare sugars was put forward.